^ Siebert, Lee Simkin, Tom Kimberly, Paul (2011).Ploutonion, "grotto of Plouton", a Greek term for a mephitic sanctuary.The adjective " mephitic" means "foul-smelling" or "malodorous". Mephitis was the Roman goddess of noxious vapors, who protects against malaria. The most celebrated of these, however, is Lake Avernus. The Cave of Dogs in Italy was a famous example. The term avernus (plural averni) was also used by ancient naturalists for certain lakes, grottos, and other places which infect the air with poisonous steams or vapours. The port's remains may still be seen under the lake's surface. A waterway was dug from Lake Lucrino to Avernus to this end. There are also the remains of temples to Apollo and Jupiter.ĭuring the civil war between Octavian and Antony, Agrippa tried to turn the lake into a military port, the Portus Julius. 800 metres (2,600 ft)) leading toward Cumae, where her sanctuary was located. On the shores of the lake is the grotto of the Cumaean Sibyl and the entrance to a long tunnel ( Grotta di Cocceio, c. In later times, the word was simply an alternative name for the underworld. This was likely due to the toxic fumes that mouths of the crater gave off into the atmosphere. According to tradition, all birds flying over the lake were destined to fall dead, hence the lake’s name was transferred to Greek as Ἄορνος (λίμνη) Áornos (límnē)‚ or "Birdless (lake)". Role in ancient Roman society Īvernus was believed to be the entrance to the underworld, and is portrayed as such in the Aeneid of Virgil.
Within the crater is Lake Avernus ( Lago d'Averno). Part of the Phlegraean Fields of volcanoes, Avernus is approximately 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) in circumference. Avernus was an ancient name for a volcanic crater near Cumae (Cuma), Italy, in the region of Campania west of Naples.
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